ENVIRONMENT

Environment kan tih chu French tawng atanga lak a nia, kan chehvel a

mual hual vel tu te hi environment kan tih chu a ni.

• Environment chu chihnih ah then hran niin Physical/Abotic ( thil

nunglo) leh Biological/Biotic (thil nung) ah then hran a ni.

Leilung hi hlawm lian tak chi thumah then a ni a chung te chu

• 1. Lithosphere= Lithosphere hi lei leh lung lampang te kawk deuh bika

Crust leh Upper Mantle ah te an awm thin, Lithosphere hian 29% lai a

awh.

• 2. Hydrosphere = Hydrosphere hian tui lam deuh bik a kawk a,

khawvela 71% lai hi tuiin a khuh a, chuvangin waterly planet leh blue

planet tiin an ko thin. Tui hi khawvelah tam viau mahse 97% hi saline

mihring tana in tlakloh a ni, 2% hi ice sheet niin 1% hi fresh water a

ni.1% ah pawh mihring ten kan hman mai theih tura tuithianghlim

awm chu 0.3% vel chiah a ni.

• 2. Atmosphere = Atmosphere 99% hi kan chenna lei atanga Km 32

velah an awm a ni. Atmosphere gas chi hrang hrang te chu 1. Nitogen

78% 2. Oxyzen 21% 3. Argon 0.9%

• Ecology chu thil nung leh thil nung inkar leh environment nena an

inkungkaih dan zir chianna a ni. Ecology hi Bioecology,

Bionomics,Environmental Biology ti te pawn an ko bawk thin.

• American Biologist E.P.Odum hian “Fundamental of Ecology” tih

lehkhabu a ziak.

• Ernest Hackel hi Father of Ecology a ni.

• E.P.Odum hi Father of Modern Ecology a ni.

• Ramdeo Misra hi Father of Indian Ecology a ni.

Level of organism chi 14 a awm, ahnuaia mi hi an indawt dan in a ni.

• Cell> Tissue> Organ> Organ System> Organism> Population>

Community> Ecosystem> Landscape>Biomes> Biosphere

• Heng mite zinga a hmasa pali Cell> Tissue> Organ> Organ System te

hi elementary 4 level tiin an ko bik.

Ecology chi hrang pahnih ah then anni chungte te chu;

• 1. Autecology= Thil nung te amala zirchianna bik a kha Autecology

chu ani.

• 2. Synecology= Thil nung te amal nilo a huho, chi hrang hrang

zirchianna hi a ni.

• Taxanomic Affinities chuan Plants leh Animal a kawk deuh bik.

• Terrestrial Ecology chu khawmuala bik te hi anni.

• Aquatic Ecology chu tui lam ami bik te hi anni.

Plant hi chi hrang hrang pathumah then hran anni :

• 1. Long Day Plant= Eg; Rice, Barley, Oat etc

• 2. Short Day Plant= Rice, Soyabean, Votton etc

• 3. Day- Nuetral Plant= Rose, Almost all flowers, tomato, tobacco etc.

• Photophilous/Heliophilous= Sun loving plant kan tih te hi anni

• Sciophilous/Heliophobus= Sun fearing plant kan tih te anni ve thung.

• Plants in a lumna an dawn zat akha Thermoperiod anti.

• 10 degree celcius – 45 degree celcius hi thil nung ten a an mamawh

tawk vel nia ngaih a ni.

Thli chi hrang hrang te=

• Breeze – 5-50 km/h

• Gale - 50-100 km/h

• Strom- 100-125 km/h

• Hurricane- More than 125km/h

• Biotic factors/ thil nung chi hrang hrang te;

• Symbiosis= A huho a nung

• Parrasttism= Thil pahnih nung ho ah khan pakhat khan ahlawkpui.

• Commensalim= Thli pahnih nungho ah khan pakhat zawk khan

ahlawkpui apakhat zawk tan erawh hlawkna leh channa a awm

chuanglo.

Predation= Predation chu midang taksa chaw atana ring ho kha anni

entirnan; midang pakhat ava that a chu chu chaw atan a ring a ni.

• Seprophytism= Thil tawih/ruang atang ei hmu ho hi anni.

• Ecotone= Ecotone chu boundary zone a ni. Eg; Ramngaw dur khup

hmun leh thlaler an inzawm taa chuta an inzawmna khan ecotone an

tih chu a ni.

• Footprint= Footprint chu mihring in a nun khawchhuan nana hmun a

mamawh zim thei ang bera kha ni.

• Overshoot= Overshoot chu natural resources kan hman chak em em

a, a insiam chhung arei si avangin chumi chu kan hman chak lutuk kha

kan titlem thei a chu chu overshoot chu a ni.

• Sere= Community zawng zawng a inthlak thut a kha Sere a ni.

Heng ecological transition rawn tichhuak tu hi John W bennatt ani.

• Khawvela cheng nunna nei ho hi tuipui mawng 500 meter ah leh sea

levela atanga ateh a 6000 meter inkarah kan cheng deuh vek a ni.

• NASA chuan Bacteria te hi lei atanga the a van lamah km 15 vel thleng

an awm niin anngai.

• Thil nunglo thil nunga an chan dan leh thil nung thil nunglo a an chan

dan/inthlak kual vel dan hi Bio- Chemical Cycle a ni.

• Producers= Producer chu Autotrophic ti te pawn an ko bawk a chhan

chu an mahni a eitur an insiam thei vang a ni. Photosynthesis hian

nizung atang light kha chaw turin alo convert thin, chu chu green

pigment an tih Chlorophyll in apui thin, chlorophyll vanga covert thei

a ni.

Tuipui ah hian Phytoplantons te hi primary producer niin anni hian

solar energy atang an chaw tur an insiam thin a ni.

• Primary consumer kan tih te hi Plant ringa khawsa ho kha anni, anni

hi Harbivores tih anni bawk ani.

• Secondary consumer kan tih te hi mi sa ringa khawsa ho akha anni,

anni hi Carnivore tih anni bawk.

• Omnivores kan tih te hi Plant leh Meat chaw atana ring thei ve ve te

kha anni.

• `Eremophyte= Thlaler a plant thang lian ho akha a ni. Eg: Cactus,

Kherji etc

• Halophyte= Lei emaw tui emaw a thanglian plant a te kha anni.

Eg:Mangroves

Helophyte= Dum/chirhdup (marsh) a thanglian plant ho akha a ni.

Eg:American lotus.

• Psammophyte= tiaupho/tiauvut a thang lian ho akha a ni. Eg: Cactus,

kherji

• Sclerophyte= Thing hmun a thanglian ho akha a ni. Eg: rose, lemon.

• FOOD CHAIN

• SIMPLE FOOD CHAIN= Eg:

Insect<Frog<Snake<Hawk<Grass<Rabit<Fox<Grass<Deer<

Lion<Diatom<Crustacean<Herring. Direct in kan inring

• Complex Food Chain= Eg:Food energy hi plant atang Animal ah te a in

tranfer a, entirnan: Thlai chakna hi Deer ten an ei a chu chu Deer te

chakna annei a hei hi Complex Food Chain a ni. Direct lo in.

Tuipui thuk takah process hrang hrang hi Chemosynthesis.

• Bio- Diversity

• Coined tu hi Walter G Rosen, a ti puitling tu hi Edward Osborne

Wilson a ni, Wilson hi Father of Biodiversity tih a ni bawk.

• Natural Flower= Lotus(Nelumbo Nucifera)

• Nation tree= Indian Banyan(Ficus Benghalensis)

• National Fruit= Mango (Mangifera Indica)

• National Bird= Indian Peacock (Pavo Cristacus)

• National Reptile= King Cobra (Ophiophagus Hannah)

• National Aquatic animal= Ganges River Dolphin(Platanista

Gangetica)

• National Heritage Animal= Indian Elephant (Indian Elephant)

Baseline Data on Biodiversity

• Red Data Book= The World Conservation Union- WCN known as

International Union for the Conservative of Nature and Natural

Resource in Red Data Book in 1963. Plant leh species te chungchang

ziahna bu a ni.

• Blue Book: UNEP in Endargered species te ziah khawm na lehkhabu a

ni.

• Green Book : Botanical Survey of India in an published a ni. Plant vang

bik danglam bik chungchang an chinchiahna vel a ni.

• IN SITU= An awmna hmuna tihpun a kha a ni eg:National park and

Wildlife Santuary.

• Ex Situ= Hmun danga kan va sawn ho akha a ni. Zoo kan siam a

chutah chuan ransa chi hrang hrang kan dah lut a ni. EG: Zoo,

Botanical Garden, Aquarium, DNA bank etc.

Flora kan tih hrim hrim hian thingkung lampang a kawk a, Fauna kan

tih hian Ransa lampang a kawk thung a ni

• Hot Spots

• Norman Myers a developed a ni. Hot spots kan tih chuan ramngaw

hmun zau bika thing chi hrang, thlai chi hrang, ramsa chi hrang hrang

awm khawmna bik a kha a ni. Hot spots tih hming pu thei tur hian

1500 species tal a awm ngei ngei a ngai a. 20% vel chauh hi mihring

hot spots region ah an cheng tur a ni.

• Khawvela hian 36 Hot Spots a awm a, India bul velah hian pali chauh

a awm thung a chungte chu amal te te in ihan sawifiah dawn the ang 

• 1. Indo- Burma= Mynmar tih akan hriat Eastern Banglades atanga

Vietnam thleng inzar phar in. Mizoram , Manipur, Nagaland,

Meghalaya, Tripura te pawh huamin. Indo-Burma Hot spots hian India

ram 5% vel lai ahuam a ni.

• 2. Sundaland= UNO IN kum 2013 a hot spots a puan niin South India

lampang niin, Indian ram 1.28% vel ahuam ve bawk a. India,

Thaliland, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei leh Indonesia te ahuam a ni.

• 3.Himalayas= km 2400 vel Pakistan atang China ah a inzarpharh a ni,

Indian Region hi 44.4% vel lai a huam a. Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan

leh China te ahuam a ni.

• Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve hi India Biosphere reserve hmasa ber niin

1986 ah puan ani. Khawvwla Biosphere hmasa ber chu Dry Tortugas

Florida ami a ni.

• Hailey National Park hi Ramganga National Park tia thlak in a hnuah

Jim Corbet national park tiin an thlak leh a ni. Khawvela national

park hmasa ber chu Yellowstone National Park USA ami a ni

4. Western Ghats – Sri LANKA= Sahyadri hills tia hriat lar a ni bawk,

India leh China inkar a awm a ni. India region 64.9% a cover a ni.

Causes Climate Change

Anthropogenic (mihring te siam)

1. Burning of fossil fuels and emission of carbon dioxide (CO2)

2. Emmission Methane (CH4)

3. Emission of Chloroflurocarbon (CFCs)

4. Emission of Nitrous Oxide (N2O)

5. Deforestation

Natural Causes

1. Change the sun intensity

2. Volcanic Eruption

3. Ocean Circulation

• Earth Summit hi kum 1992 ah Brazil khawpui Rio de Jenerio ah United

Nation Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) huai

hawta neih a ni.

• Kyoto Protocol hi kum 1997 ah Japan Khawpui pakhat Kyoto an tih a

neih a ni a, Kyoto Protocol hi Carbon Dioxide tih tlemna atana duan a

ni. An convention vawithumna a an din a ni, Kyoto Protocol hi Anex 1

leh Anex 2 ah then hran niin Anex 1 ah hian Develpoing countries an

awm a, Anex 2 ah hian Developed an awm bawk. Anex 1 leh 2 a awm

chang chu developing leh developed

countries te kha carbon

emission an siam chhuah zat kha a inaglo em em a, ti tlem tura beisei

zat pawh kha a inag talo a ni. Kum 2005 khan Russia in Kyoto an

zawma chuta tang chuan International Law atan puan alo ni ta a ni

• Cuncun Agreement hi 2010 ah Cuncun Mexico ah neih a ni.

• Paris Agreement hi 2005 ah France khawpui Paris ah neih a ni.

• OZONE DEPLETION= Ozone hi Atmosphere of the earth ah khan

Stratosphere ah a awm a ni. UV radiation hi chi hrang hrang chi

thumah then niin chung te chu UV-A, UV-B,UV-C te hi anni. UV-C hi a

hlauhawm ber nia ngaih a ni. CFC+HCFC+Methane+Nitrous Oxide te

hian Ozone an thlen thin a ni.Ozone te hi Sea level atanga the a km

15-50 velah an awm tlangpui a ni.

• Ozone titlem tura pawl hrang hrang an din te.

• 1. Viena Convention 1985-1987

• 2. Montreal Protocol: 1987 CFC hi HCFC nen replace kha an tum a ni.

• 3. Kigali Agreement: HCFC replace na tur kha an zawng leh a ni

ENVIRONMENT AND INDIA CONSTITUTION

• 42nd Constitution Amenmend Act 1976 hian Environment chung

chang a sawi.

• ARTICLE 48A hian Ramngaw leh Nungcha te chu humhalh tur a ni ati.

• ARTICLE 51A(G) hian Environment kan tih lake, river, tree te humhalh

hi citizen tin te mawhphurna a ni tih a sawifiah bawk a ni.

• ENVIRONMENT AND MINISTRY

• 1980 ah Union Government of India chuan Department of

Environment an din.

• 1985 ah Ministry of Environment and Forest tia thlak a ni.

• 2014 ah Ministry of Environment Forest an Climate Change tia thlak

leh a ni.

• India rama Environment Policy chi hrang hrang te=

1. National Forest Policy 1988

2. National Conservation Strategy and Policy Statement on

Environment and Development 1992

3. Policy Statement on Abarement of Pollution 1992

4. National Environment Action Programme 1994

5. National Agriculture Policy 2000

6. National Population Policy 2000

7. National Water Policy 2002

8. Wildlife Conservatiuon Strategy 2002

9. Nationsl Environment Policy 2006

Important Environment Acts, Rules, Policy:

1. Wildlife Protection Act 1972

2. Water Prevention and Control pf Pollution Act 1974

3. Forest Conservation Act 1980

4. Air Prevention and Control of Population Act 1981

5. Environment (protection) act 1986

6. Environment (Protection) Rules 1986

7. Environment Impact Assessment 1994

8. Central Pollution Control Board of Control 1974

• Eco MARK 1991= certified tu hi Bereau of Indian Standard anni, an

tum ber chu Environment a tlem thei ang ber tih chhiat a ni. Entirnan;

renewable resource kan hman nasat chuan kan environment ah thil

tih chhiat anei tlem ang tih vel a kha a ni. A awmzia ber chu ECOFRIENDLY a ni.

• NATURAL GREEN TRIBUNAL 2010 = NGT hrim hrim hi chu

Environmental issue an thil tum ber chu Sustainable development a ni.

All the best